Primary education in Montenegro is both compulsory and free, encompassing a nine-year programme for children aged 6 to 15. This educational phase is structured into three distinct cycles:
- First Cycle (Grades 1–3): focuses on foundational skills, with instruction primarily delivered by a single teacher.
- Second Cycle (Grades 4–6): introduces subject-specific teachers, expanding the curriculum to include a broader range of subjects.
- Third Cycle (Grades 7–9): offers more specialised subjects, preparing students for secondary education.
The curriculum, as outlined by the Ministry of Education, Science and Innovation, includes compulsory subjects such as Montenegrin language and literature, mathematics, English (starting from Grade 1), and a second foreign language from Grade 6.
Additionally, students engage in fine arts, music education, natural and social sciences, and physical education.
The educational programme also incorporates compulsory activities like class meetings and cultural days, as well as extended activities including extracurricular pursuits and remedial classes.
Assessment methods evolve throughout the cycles. In the first cycle, evaluations are descriptive, focusing on qualitative feedback. From the second cycle onwards, a numerical grading system is employed, ranging from 1 (fail) to 5 (excellent).
After primary education, students undergo an external assessment covering language and literature, mathematics, and one elective subject studied during the third cycle. This evaluation is administered by the Examination Centre and serves as a prerequisite for enrollment in secondary education.
According to the Statistical Office of Montenegro (MONSTAT), in the 2023/2024 academic year, 7,970 students completed primary education, with a gender distribution of 47.3% girls and 52.7% boys.
Montenegro’s commitment to inclusive education ensures that children with special educational needs are integrated into mainstream classrooms, supported by individualised plans and professional assistance.
Class sizes are regulated, typically accommodating 26 to 28 students, with provisions to reduce this number when necessary to support inclusive practices.
Overall, Montenegro’s primary education system is designed to provide a comprehensive and inclusive foundation, preparing students for the academic and social challenges of secondary education and beyond.